NEH+Seminar

[|NEH Seminar: Production and Consumption in World History]

__**MONDAY, JUNE 27, 2011**__ Library: 3rd floor is history MEETINGS: Working Dinner: Wednesday Meeting: Wednesday @9:30am Courtney in Room 515

Meet Mon-Thurs 1pm-4pm Tuesdays @11:30 for informal lunches (in room 210) Monday- 4th of July meet with Dickens Group- Cowell College Provost’s House,which is located overlooking Monterey Bay and the Field House 5-7:30pm Dickens Film Festival on Sundays Good connections (set during Industrial Rev in England; money) Humanities 1 Room 302- available for study 8am-5pm Closing Reception: July 21st TBA

Production & Consumption- inception 1450-1750 and 1750-present; put together the world minus Europe; how to get "people" in history; and gender [|Philip Curtin]

Who produces it? Who consumes it? How is is diffused? How does it interact with other cultures? How is it syncretized by other cultures in order to be received? (ex. tea from China...to England (adding sugar/milk) Look at historical patterns in history that link world history in a real way?

TO DO: [|View Commodities Bios and Social Bio in World HIstory]

__**MEMBERS**__ Laura Thompson: So Cal- teaches AP Euro and AP Art HIstory Linda Wolhmann-Cargill: So Cal- teaches 6th grade Ancient World History Kelly Sharbel- Virginia- teaches AP Euro Lesley Muller- Palo Alto, Cal- teach Honors World, AP Euro, Case Studies in Africa, Eco Elizabeth Brownson- No Cal- AP World, WH, AP Govt/ UC Santa Barbara- this year Whitney Davidson-Hinz- NY- WH/AP World Therisa Rogers- Michigan- Eco, WH, World Culture, World Religion- moving to Abu Dhabi- teaching English Traci Gizzi Romo- Detroit- World History; background in Sociology Keishla- Texas- AP World History, AP Euro Tara Rana- NY- Global History, Modern India and Modern China Elective Erin Bronstein- Penn- US History, WH-part 2- Ann Matney- Ohio- HS Librarian (100% African American HS, 60% dropout rate; 50% SPED; Prop 5- Toledo Public Schools Stephanie Portman- Cali- Menlo School- Modern WH; Race/Gender, Global Issues Jaisha Bruce- Georgia- Eco, AP Macro Eco Vincent Stewart- Maryland- US History, WH, African Am History, African Studies Terry Burke- 43 years at UCSC- Retired, MIddle East, World, and Mediterranean History (teach on recall 2 classes); PhD from Princeton; dissertation- Moroccan Resistance to the French; 3rd World Syllabus; Making of the Modern World; Importance of the Mediterranean

__**TO DO?**__ What LENS do you use to view history? WHFUA- Big Eras PANORAMIC LANDSCAPE CLOSE-UP Important world events in 19th century- ABOLITION OF SLAVERY (is it just of the African variety? Did the traditional methods of

Journey of a product that you own (trace it)- Tara Commodities project (Whitney) Food Inc Syllabus for 3rd World Course [|F. Braudel]- world historian The New World History- Ross E. Dunn
 * IDEAS:**
 * Compare JAPANESE COLONIALISM to EUROPEAN COLONIALISM--Interesting idea--> Did the Japanese idea of Pan-Asianism produce different results than the racist/Social Darwinist approach of Europeans**.** Japanese were very controlling in Korea but did they do that same thing in other parts of Asia/SE Asia


 * __TUESDAY, JUNE 28TH: TUESDAY LUNCH__**

__TEA IN WORLD HISTORY BY FANG YU HU- COMMODITY BIOGRAPHY__ (Dissertation- HIstory of Girls Education in Taiwan in the 19th/20th century; impact of Japanese colonial educational system)


 * Chinese method of processing tea**
 * How does Tea get to Europe- Portuguese- gets to England due to the marriage of Charles II to Portuguese princess who makes tea drinking popular (added sugar and later milk--> why? Chinese drank it black)**


 * Chinese cups have no handles--> water does not have to be boiling hot so you can hold the cup**
 * Europeans have to dissolve sugar, so the water had to be hot...cups need handles.**


 * British desire for tea very high---trade imbalance created (leads to Opium wars)**
 * later export tea production to other parts of South/SE Asia**


 * New companies as a result of tea industry (Lipton, Typhoo, Tetle, Kusmi Tea, Lyons, Bewley)--> Check Standage...reference to Wedgewood.**

__QUESTIONS?__
 * WHAT DOES TEA TELL ABOUT SOCIETY?**
 * WHEN DOES AMERICA TRANSITION TO ICED TEA? WHY?**
 * HOW DID AMERICAN CONSUMPTION OF ICED TEA EFFECT THE INDUSTRY?**
 * MODERN TEA? CANNED AND BOTTLED TEA?**
 * HOW DID THE INTRODUCTION OF LARGE SCALE TEA PLANTATIONS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES AND CULTURES?**
 * WHEN DID TEA BECOME A DRINK OF THE MASSES? [|UK Tea Council]**

__BANANAS- Troy Crowder**__ (dissertation: Consequences for global food production/spread of pandemic food diseases as a result of high intensity plantation crops (bananas, cocoa, rubber, coffee, coconuts)
 * One of the world's oldest cultivated fruits--> 5000 BCE; early ones had seeds; very hard-- not originally used as food b/c of seeds--> mutant banana found w/o seeds...cloned it (STANDAGE-EDlBLE HISTORY---like Corn)
 * Bananas start in Papua New Guinea and diffuses out
 * BANANA DIFFUSION- 3 PHASES
 * PAPUA NEW GUINEA INTO SE ASIA & POLYNESIANS INTO POSSIBLE PARTS OF S. AMERICA
 * MUSLIM EMPIRES LINKING AFRICA/EUROPE/ASIA-ACCESS TO BANANAS VIA INDIA
 * EUROPEAN COLONIZATION- SPANISH BRING TO THE AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN
 * BANANA IS A GLOBAL (TROPICAL) FRUIT BY EARLY MODERN PERIOD
 * 1850- Rise of the export banana- Chiquita banana; United Fruit Company--> becomes a staple fruit around the world
 * Dessert Bananas: Production & Consumption
 * Old colonial links produce bananas
 * Control of labor and supply of bananas
 * Consumption: fresh and cheap; available year round due to tropical climates; technology (transport, ethalene bags, refrigeration); marketing; mass production
 * **ECOLOGICAL CRISIS:**
 * Problem of mass produced banana; no genetic diversity; susceptible to disease
 * Begins in 1899- [|fusarium wilt;]disastrous effects to banana plants
 * SOLUTIONS: pesticides--> not effective; made workers sick--> abandoned plantations and starting somewhere else
 * [|Gros Michel variety dies out....now we are eating the Cavendish variety of banana]
 * Cloned bananas do not have the ability to adapt to the challenges; fusarium wilt has adapted to new varieties
 * **POST MODERN CONSEQUENCES**
 * Because bananas are a major subsistence food...the destruction of the banana has major food security consequences
 * Potential for mass migrations; movement of labor

[|Banana Podcast:]Bananas, A Storied Fruit With An Uncertain Future SOURCE: //Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World by Dan Koeppel//

TUESDAY, JUNE 28TH- CLASS TIME THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD: 1400-1800 LECTURE 1: PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION IN WORLD HISTORY

1. WORLD HISTORY: Conceptualization

2. BIG HISTORY: The Times of WH-- where would you start? BIG BANG THEORY Concept of time
 * diff time scales for diff purposes
 * timelines
 * clock time vs. deep time
 * concept of world time (simultaneity)
 * time may be relative to events (political time may differ from economic time etc.)

3. BIG GEOGRAPHY: Mapping WH
 * islands and seas (the dispersal of human pop)
 * Afroeurasia- the inter-communicating zone
 * Limits to the inter-communicating zone (config of southern seas; wind systems of world oceans)
 * Jared Diamond- Chapter on development of writing systems
 * Using Google images to get aerial views of cities
 * QUESTION:** Review Standage. If humans select features of a plant to "champion" is that co-evolution?

LENSES of WHFUA- panoramic, landscape, close-up and H-H, H-E and H-I

NEW CONSENSUS: CYCLES OF WORLD TRADE
 * 1) Afroeurasian trade is quite ancient
 * 2) As Asian societies increase in size and complexity, the volume of trade increased dramatically
 * 3) Trade incorporates greater #s of people, transitioning from trade in elite luxury items to bulk trade in common consumer products
 * 1) Slow recovery of Asian economies after Mongols/Black Death
 * 2) By 1500, levels of trade exceed previous levels
 * 3) After 1550, silver from Americas jump-starts fully global economy

[|Egyptian use of silk---checked shroud---made of Chinese silk] [|Engraving of 2 monks presenting Justinian with silkworms] http://www.silkmuseum.gr/silk_eng.html

[|Maps of Time: David Christian] [|This Fleeting World- David Christian] [|The Human Web- J. McNeil] [|1491 by Charles C. Mann] [|The New World History by Ross E. Dunn] [|Charles Needham- Chinese historian]- Science and Civilization of China [|Powers of Ten] [|Powers of Ten] [|Power of 10 Simpsons] [|The History Wars] [|Bob Bain] [|Navigating World HIstory by Patrick Manning] Sam Weinberg
 * SOURCES:**

__**WEDNESDAY, JUNE 29th, 2011**__
 * The Dynamism of the Indian Ocean World**

__INDIAN OCEAN WORLD__
 * Bigger better Med Sea trading route--> stretches from East Africa to in some cases as far as the S.China Sea/Japanese traders
 * Monsoon winds dictate travel patterns

Mediterranean starts out very diverse but over time becomes more monolithic in culture, religion & language. Indian Ocean World more diverse. No common legal system; currencies etc. Buddhism takes route in urban areas over rural; Hindu remains dominant in court; Hadramawt: South Arabian Peninsula Sailing T ech improving during this era and in this region; Zheng He

prau; dhows; Chinese junks Trading with East Africa-Swahili Coast New maritime technology: portolans, sternpost rudder, magnetic compass, astrolabe,

Island of Makassar--macassar oil used for hair conditioner--> Dutch take over this island

Indian Ocean trade today
 * [[image:http://www.warnewsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/map_indian_ocean.jpg width="455" height="300"]]

1492: Columbus has small boats--> why? Same time as the expulsion of the Jews Why does Islam cease to advance to western African coasts: tsetse fly--> horses can't handle it.

[|Iskandar Muda]- defends against the Portuguese Coxingha??

__**RICE & SILK: The Pre-1500 Chinese Economy: Silk in the World Market**__


 * Chinese silks are prized b/c they are not [|tussah silk]
 * China & South Asian Dominance
 * Central Role of Rice Trade
 * high in calories
 * easily hybridized
 * Characteristics of Rice as a source of Carbs
 * China and the Grand Canal

Mulberry & Fishpond system: Time 1: Regional Market- ecologically balanced: fish pond, rice, mulberry trees Time 2: Market Transition: mulberry monocrop, import rice, fish not produced Story of silk pre-dates Europeans and Vasco de Gama
 * Chronic Rice Deficit Fuels Asian Rice Trade



[|Sumptuary laws] BALANCE SHEET ON ASIAN TRADE c. 1500
 * By 1500, pockets of "near capitalism"in Afroeurasia

COMMODITIES IN WH KEY CONCEPTS: OBSTACLES TO COMMODITY DIFFUSION
 * Characteristics of permodern exports: low bulk/high value
 * 2 Main types
 * Primary comm: precious & other minerals, food & fiber crops, drugs, animals, wood
 * Manufactured (generally labor intensive): textiles (silk, cottons, woolens), porcelain, weapons, glass, books, dyestuffs
 * Cost factors (production, shipping, marketing)
 * Difficulties in shipping (bulk, shelf life)
 * Transport (reliability, cost, speed)
 * Cultural embededness--> how
 * Absence of cultural receptivity of receiving cultures (will they buy it?)
 * Weather
 * Piracy

__**IDEAS & RESOURCES**__
 * 1) World History Association
 * 2) World History Connected
 * 3) [|Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350 by Janet Abu- Lughod//]
 * 4) [|Tigers, Silk, and Silt by Robert Marks]
 * 5) [|Kenneth Pomerantz the Great Divergence]
 * 6) [|The Pattern of the Chinese Past by Mark Elvin]
 * 7) [|The Home and the World Rabindranath Tagor]
 * 8) [|Commodity Fetishism]
 * 9) [|Confusions of Pleasure by Timothy Brook]

__**THURSDAY, JUNE 30, 2011**__

What are my goals for this seminar? My initial goal is to broaden my understanding and knowledge of the role of production & consumption in world history. Secondly, I want to develop new applications and connections for my classroom. Commodities are accessible to students. Understanding desire and want are accessible feelings for students. I think this approach of understanding how the forces of desire and want for certain commodities can reveal important patterns of historical forces.
 * Kate Long:**


 * LESSONS THAT WORKED:**
 * Cultural folktales from African soceties
 * Historical fiction: Things Fall Apart, Night, Poisonwood Bible, [|My Name is Red]
 * Detroit Museum- [|Through African Eyes]
 * [|Montaigne's Essay on Cannibals]
 * [|National Council of Economic Education- Impact of Tariffs]
 * The Amazing Race- Scavenger Hunt around school;
 * Machiavelli's views on government and [|Ibn Kaldun] (essay by Earnest Gellner)
 * [|The White Man's Burden]vs [|The Black Man's Burden] vs. [|The Brown Man's Burden]
 * [|13th Warrior] based on [|Eaters of the Dead]
 * Use series of optical illusions; timed quiz--> one answer; lesson on perspective
 * [|The Story of Salt] picture book; [|Buddha]by Roth
 * [|What Would You Do?]
 * Allardyce Toward World History in Dunn's book
 * Southernization by Linda Shafer

Burke: __**PORCELAIN: A World Product**__
 * Pottery vs. Stoneware & porcelain
 * Chinese ceramics to late Yuan--> chiefly monochromatic-- green, white, blue ware
 * Major shit to polychromatic--> WHEN???
 * Jingdezhen was a world pottery center---> WHY???: industrial production- org of time, work, discipline; production in separable task specific stages
 * Role of Imperial Botanical Gardens
 * Units of measurement--> thaler--> dollar

__**SPICES AND THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN TASTE-- Freedman?**__
 * Euros favored a highly spiced diet
 * spices linked to medieval medical theory--> the four humors
 * Spices also favored for their aromas
 * average pepper budget in gentry household---> 2.5 lbs a year
 * Pepper= S/SE Asia; Cinnamon- Sri Lanka; Nutmeg, Mace, Cloves- Molukus
 * Originally collected from wild products---> later have plantations with the Dutch

__**IDEAS & RESOURCES**__
 * 1) [|Richard Hakluyt] [|Voyages and Discoveries by R. Hakluyt]
 * 2) [|Technology in World Civilization]by Arnold Pacey
 * 3) [|Old World Encounters]by Jerry Bentley
 * 4) [|Medieval Boundaries]by Sharon Kinoshita
 * 5) [|Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean] by K. N. Chaudhuri
 * 6) [|Slave Ship: A Human History] by M. Rediker
 * 7) [|Servants of the Dynasty]- Palace Women in World History ed by Anne Walthall
 * 8) [|Tools of Empire]by Daniel Headrick
 * 9) [|Machines as the measure of men: science, technology, and ideologies of Western Dominance] By Michael Adas

__**TUESDAY, JULY 5, 2011: GLOBALIZING US HISTORY- LUNCH SESSION**__ Urmi Engineer and Chrislaine Pamphile Miller


 * Goal: providing a global context to U.S. History--> current plan: narrative or expansion, progress from colonial to present; wanted to integrate the West, Alaska, Hawaii, add native, Spanish, and African Americans, women
 * First half of syllabus attempts to give an Atlantic World context
 * Big change--- to 1850; Civil War is not the climax; allows for new contexts at beginning of U.S. History and not be overwhelmed with Civil War; 1850 is a global date (women's rights, independence movements in Latin America)
 * Second half-1850-present--> How is the US interacting with the rest of the world; transition from a debtor to a creditor nation; depression as a global phenomena


 * IDEAS & RESOURCES**
 * 1) [|A Nation Among Nations: Americas Place in World History by Thomas Bender]
 * 2) [|Rethinking American History in a Global Age- ed by Thomas Bender]
 * 3) [|Teaching American History in a Global Context by Carl Guarneri and James Davis, eds.]
 * 4) [|The Jamestown Project by Karen Kupperman]

__**TUESDAY, JULY 5, 2011: BURKE CLASS**__ __**PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION IN WORLD HISTORY: THE SPICE TRADE AND THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE**__
 * The Asian Spice Trade**
 * Historical Field Methods
 * Why start with Asia- most population; production of goods that are valued; Silk Road; developed trade markets
 * Portugal as an unlikely empire
 * Society of mariners & peasants
 * Portuguese (re)conquista 1249- expulsion of Muslims
 * spend some time crusading in Morrocco
 * The House of Aviz- 1385-1580- Portuguese
 * Family of Prince Henry
 * Est. El Mina on African coast; gold mines
 * Issues of rounding the bump of Africa...able to sail down, but difficult to get back; winds don't work that way
 * Portuguese attempt to grow sugar in the Canary Islands; ecological disaster; not much sugar' Canarian ppl destroyed' implementation of African slaves
 * Portuguese state & society
 * Vasco de Gama Era
 * follows up on Dias discovery
 * Enters Calicut 1498
 * Portuguese export Venetian armed trading system to Indian Ocean-- Prince Henry sends emissaries/spies to Red Sea region posing as Venetians to gather information on the trade region
 * Genoese become backers of the Spanish and Portuguese in these efforts because they have been squeezed out by the Venetians

Papal Bull dividing world between Spain & Portugal [|Animaniacs Magellan-]
 * Portuguese Indian Ocean System
 * Control major strategic waterways- Straits of Malacca, Aden
 * Role of [|Alfonso de Albuquerque-] Seized Goas 1510, Melaka- 1511, Hormuz-1515, Diu-1535
 * Armed trade-Portuguese style
 * naval artillery
 * factory fort
 * cartaz+ armada+cafila system
 * Ships may be smaller, but they had seaborne artillery
 * Portuguese strategic aims
 * Components of the Portuguese system
 * cartaz- hall pass/passport
 * armadas- roam sea lanes
 * cafila- convoy (Arabic--> camel caravan)
 * annual voyages of treasure ships (pepper, other spices, silks)
 * Factory fort cities:
 * cultural adaptations of Muslim caravansery; khan;
 * Portuguese Administration
 * Casa da India: royal trading firm; controlled pepper trade
 * Estado da India: political admin
 * Goa: Capital of Indian Ocean Trading Empire
 * Viceroy- resident in Ga (1515); responsible to king only
 * Council of State- based in Goa
 * Portuguese Empire in World Historical Context

IDEAS & RESOURCES
 * 1) []
 * 2) [|Ibn Majid]
 * 3) [|Saudi Aramco World]
 * 4) [|Pedro de Covilha]- Portuguese Explorer
 * 5) [|In an Antique Land- Amitav Ghosh]
 * 6) [|A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as ...] [|By S. D. Goitein]
 * 7) [|The Portuguese Seaborne Empire] by Charles R. Boxer and [|Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion]
 * 8) [|The Venture of Islam by Hodgeson]and [|Rethinking world history: essays on Europe, Islam, and world history]
 * 9) The New Cambridge History of India-Portuguese India by M.N. Pearson
 * 10) [|Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History] by J.M. Blaut
 * 11) [|L.S. Stavrianos]
 * 12) [|The Myth of the Continents by Martin Lewis and Karen E. Wigen]

__**WEDNESDAY, JULY 6, 2011**__ SILVER
 * **ASIAN TRADE & EUROPEAN CHALLENGE**
 * growing pie to share in trade
 * bulk trade exists-rice and grains, silk, cotton, timber
 * Portuguese dominate first, then Spanish, Dutch, French & British
 * [|trading diasporas]: Wolof, Fulani, Armenian,
 * Big overseas trading communities of Chinese (Manila, Batavia, Malaka)
 * Japanese nyai- consort of a Dutchmen;
 * languages evolve from blending of cultures ([|lingua franca]and [|pidgin]or [|patois])
 * Estado India--official arm of Portuguese...but didn't really profit.
 * **PORTUGUESE EMPIRE AS A BUSINESS**
 * Periodization
 * Malapted administrative structures (economic, state, and church bureaucracy did not translate effectively)
 * Inefficient organization- high fixed costs
 * Key strategic failure: Don't take Aden
 * Don't have goods of interest to Asians
 * Not capitalist (medieval)--> no Portuguese bourgeoisie develops--> increased revenue does not translate into wealth for the Portuguese
 * **MANILA: ECONOMIC HINGE OF THE WORLD**
 * Birth of Pacific rim
 * Diffusion of Austronesian languages from Taiwan (3000-1000 BCE)
 * Formation of Polynesian culture--> diffused across Pacific as far as Hawaii (500 CE); even to Madagascar
 * Evidence of Polynesian contact along west coast of the Americas (Peru)
 * New Zealand ([|Maori])
 * Some signs of Chinese and Japanese contact
 * **Philippine History and Society-1521**
 * 500k inhabitants
 * [|sangle/mestizo de sangle]
 * **Luzon Society**
 * Clans/[|baranguay]headmen/[|datu]
 * Social hierarchies; nobles, freemen, dependents, and slaves
 * Practice [|swidden] agriculture
 * **Spanish Rule**
 * Sangle- unconverted Chinese
 * Natives called Indios
 * Spanish galleon are often constructed in Manila
 * Use Chinese converts to negotiate with Indios
 * Spanish population 1000-1500
 * Under viceroy of New Spain (Mexico)
 * Same admin sys --> encomienda, church hierarchy
 * Two interests: nutmeg, cloves
 * Manila (1571)
 * **THE CHINA CONNECTIONS**
 * Pre-existing resident Chinese community
 * After Manila is established (1571), completely different economic mission
 * Enormously lucrative trade in Chinese silks, porcelains for America silver
 * 2,000,000 pesos per year
 * **SILVER IN THE ASIAN (& WORLD) ECONOMY**
 * China is the world's largest economy
 * Silver as a commodity...not just currency
 * Main global sources of silver: Japan and the Americas (Potosi and Mexico)
 * Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade (1565-1815); 6 month voyages
 * Spanish-Chinese relationships-->





__**IDEAS & RESOURCES**__
 * 1) New World for Old- Exploration, Science, and Superstition (from Montaigne, of Cannibals and from the Journal of Gaspar Correa)
 * 2) [|The Modern World System I]and [|Volume II-] Immanuel Wallerstein
 * 3) [|The Structures of Everyday Life Vol 1-] Fernand Braudel
 * 4) [|ReORIENT: Global Economy in the Asian Age]: Andre Gunder Frank
 * 5) [|Battle of Algiers] movie
 * 6) [|Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 Volume II by Holden Furber]
 * 7) Hoe vs. Plow Cultivation Belt Map from Braudel---find this illustration--> different crops
 * 8) Find/make a Magellan route map on a Pacific-centered map
 * 9) Relationship between plow based agriculture and gender stratification
 * 10) [|The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade 1350-1750] ed. by James D. Tracy


 * THURSDAY, JULY 7, 2011**

Wolof People: Therisa Rogers on recieiving end of trade; trace connections to Serer people Muridya/Tijaniya- Sufi order in region; most Wolofs were originally Animists--> Islam doesn't take route until 19th century--> not in existence during the empire
 * WHO:** Ethinic-language group-Sene-Gambia region; prominent due to their continuity;
 * WHEN:** 14th century empire: origins--> wood arbitration...becomes King
 * WHERE:** Sene-Gambia region-inland northern area where capital located with 4 coastal states; traded from Sahara and coast--> Portuguese improve importance of coastal trade (ppl, gold, grains); Wolof empire declines by end of 16th empire--> 1537 one of the states decided to stop sending tribute to the interior--> emperor couldn't fight it and empire breaks apart
 * WHY:** Complex political empires in Africa; type of representative democracy (not women); landlocked region

Commercial Trade Routes of West and North Africa- Vincent Stewart
 * Local trade: forest region; mostly farmers (yams, peanuts, sorghum, millet and fishing & gold)
 * Regional Trade: Wangara- ppl of Ancient Ghana--linked Sudanese region to Trans-Saharan region (copper/salt exchanged for local goods and slaves)
 * Wangaras traded with the Berbers & Fulbe/Fulani--> pastoralists (cattle herders who moved from east to west across Africa)
 * WHY IMPORTANT: Salt-Gold trade network; European arrival on coast diverted trade and led to the decline of interior kingdoms
 * Berbers--> become the Almoravids who move into Spain spreading commodities and ideas
 * kings made money on taxation
 * [|"Prince Among Slaves" PBS film]

Sijilmasa- Islamic city from 12th-16th c.

__**PEDAGOGY DISCUSSION LED BY KATE:**__
 * **QUESTIONING STRATEGIES**
 * Therisa--> WHY DO WE CARE? approach

PERU: The Mines of Potosi >
 * The Economy of the Colonial Spanish America
 * Mining industry is the center
 * ranchos---cattle/haciendas/obrajes---weaving industry
 * Peru under the Incas
 * Rise early 13th c; Consolidated from 1438-1533; federal system under Inca lords?
 * Twantinsuyu
 * [|Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala]
 * Chronicle of good government
 * Viceroyalty of Peru
 * Re-purposes existing Incan institutions
 * Hierarchical command system
 * Retians Inca figurehead ruler
 * Mita
 * labor system used to maintain roads, military service; not onerous---> assessed on communities; paralleled exchange of [|huacas] (revered objects)
 * Spanish co-opted the elites and the mita system as forced labor to provide workers for the mines; increasingly onerous
 * Religious pilgramages
 * The Silver Mines of Potosi
 * El Cerro Rico; produces 1.5 m pesos in initial period; 160K ppl; 12K feet altitude;
 * El Cerro Rico; produces 1.5 m pesos in initial period; 160K ppl; 12K feet altitude;
 * ** Cracking the Ore
 * guayras- natural silver smelters
 * Run by individual families or small groups
 * Massive fuel requirements
 * major environmental consequences
 * large scale deforestation
 * poisoning of soil, headwaters
 * Provisioning Potosi: Everything must be imported: furniture, construction materials, food, fuel,Long llama pack trains ru by corvee labor; entrepreneurs
 * The Mercury of Huancavelica
 * Mercury amalgamation process (1570); mercury becomes a strategic material--previous source--> Almaden, Spain
 * Huancavelica--mercury mines in Peru; exploited by mercury miners' guild; employed 17k mita labors
 * Patio Process?
 * Silver and the World Economy

__**IDEAS AND RESOURCES**__
 * 1) [|Reversing sail: a history of the African diaspora] [|By Michael Angelo Gomez]
 * 2) [|On Trans-Saharan trails:] [| Islamic law, trade networks, and cross-cultural exchange in nineteenth-century Western Africa]
 * 3) [|Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce Sarah Stein]
 * 4) [|Prince Among Slave]video
 * 5) [|The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific by Geoffrey Irwin]
 * 6) [|Prince Among Slaves: The True Story of An African Prince Sold into Slavery in the American South- Terry Alford]
 * 7) [|A history of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific] [|By Donald Denoon, Philippa Mein Smith, Marivic Wyndham]
 * 8) [|Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas: Sylvaine A. Diouf]
 * 9) [|Island World: A History of Hawaii in the United States by Gary Y. Okihiro]
 * 10) [|African Civilizations by Graham Connah] isbn: 0-521-31992-7
 * 11) [|1491: New Revelation of the Americas Before Columbus]- Charles C. Mann
 * 12) Open Veins in Latin America

__**FRIDAY, JULY 8, 2011: PRESENTATIONS**__

__**ERIN & TARA: Vermeer's Hat- Chapter 4--> The Geographer**__

LAURA & BETH: Vermeer's Hat Chapter 6--> Weighing Silver
 * Use Rembrandt to understand the Dutch
 * Philip II
 * Dutch become the banker's of Europe after French Revolution
 * Hanseatic League
 * Reclaimed Land and Windmills ([|Rick Steve])
 * The tulip craze (tulips came from Ottomans) (semper augustus most valued)
 * Some Jews enter Holland after Spanish Inquisition (lack of artisans
 * Dutch still life paintings (on the edge?/ everything in is symbolic)





[|Sandow Birk]---takes paintings and modernizes it In the arts, **vanitas** is a type of [|symbolic] work of art especially associated with Northern European [|still life] [|painting] in [|Flanders] and the [|Netherlands] in the 16th and 17th centuries, though also common in other places and periods. The word is [|Latin], meaning "[|emptiness]" and loosely translated corresponds to the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of [|vanity].
 * vanishing point on the scale
 * invoking the Madonna/last judgement in the background

__**Beth: HIstorical Approach**__
 * Chinese ghettos in Manila; couldn't build with stone ([|sumptuary laws])
 * SIDE NOTES
 * [|ELIZABETHAN SUMPTUARY LAWS]
 * [|HISTORY OF SUMPTUARY LAWS]
 * The role of the Jesuits
 * [|The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci]
 * [|The Jesuits in China]---maybe a comparative with them in the Americas/[|Ethiopia]
 * [|The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia] by Balthazar Tellez
 * [|The missionary strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555-1632)] [|By Leonardo Cohen]

__**ANN- Mining in Potosi**__
 * Potosi 1545- silver discovered
 * Huancavelica- mercury discovered
 * Open pit mining first used. Then they went into tunnels (ratholes)
 * Mining wealth brought social and political changes (few families remained wealthy after 2-3 generations)
 * 50K ppl moved in and out of area
 * Percentage went to the crown
 * Most reliable records for production was kept by the Treasury office (royalty receipts)
 * pg 227- high mortality rate/low productivity of Blacks-->altitude issues
 * [|MODERN DAY MINING] in the New York Times
 * The Fur Trade and Cod- Professor Burke**
 * Eco of the Spanish Colonial Empire
 * Search for a Staple
 * [[image:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_mABQ9X3TqoA/SpSw-RyhtTI/AAAAAAAABME/-zMtXIpolDY/s400/Old+Cod+Fishing.jpg]][[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/d/db/Grand_Banks.png/300px-Grand_Banks.png]]
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Codstamp.jpg/200px-Codstamp.jpg]][[image:http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/04/3/7/2/0213568985562965.jpg]]
 * Cod fish stages: (seasonal, constructed of wood, "factories" for cod cleaning and salting)
 * Late Medieval: warm period from 800-1300; Indians of the Northern Forests ?
 * COD: The Fish that Changed the World
 * [|baccala]
 * [|baccala]

Map of Algonquin Speaking Peoples
 * Samuel de Champlain- The Franco-Huron Fur Trade begins; means Wild Boar (Pig)
 * Huron are an Algonquin speaking people from the lower part of Ontario
 * Huron people believe that this "trade" is gift-giving
 * French bring diseases and guns
 * Beaver hats become a system of encoding status
 * Trade and Warfare: 2 Perspectives/ Alliance Systems
 * Fur trade leads to the extinction of the Huron
 * [|Source: USCS Commodity Project]
 * Why the beaver?
 * all weather hats
 * requires specialized labor (in Russia); Russian women workers exported--> links workers in two continents; a global European market
 * SIDE NOTE: Mercury used to make hats (Mad Hatter---caused neurological problems in hat makers)
 * The North Pacific Sea Otter Fishery
 * Russian Fur Traders
 * bring Orthodox Christianity to Inuit in Alaska
 * Fort Ross
 * British and Americans arrive

__**IDEAS & RESOURCES**__
 * 1) http://www.essentialvermeer.com/
 * 2) [|Web Gallery of Art]
 * 3) [|The Coffee Trader by David Liss]
 * 4) [|National Galleries]http://mrscj.wikispaces.com/NEH+Seminar
 * 5) [|The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age]
 * 6) [|Worldly goods: a new history of the Renaissance] [|By Lisa Jardine]
 * 7) [|The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region 1650-1815] [|By Richard White]
 * 8) [|Colonial Spanish America edited by Leslie Bethell]
 * 9) [|Cod: The Fish that Changed the World by Kurlansky]
 * 10) [|Fish on Friday: feasting, fasting, and the discovery of the New World] [|By Brian M. Fagan]
 * 11) [|Europe and the people without history] [|By Eric R. Wolf]